Methods for modulation of cholesterol transport

ABSTRACT

Methods for regulation of lipid and cholesterol uptake are described which are based on regulation of the expression or function of the SR-BI HDL receptor. The examples demonstrate that estrogen dramatically downregulates SR-BI under conditions of tremendous upregulation of the LDL-receptor. The examples also demonstrate the upregulation of SR-BI in rat adrenal membranes and other non-placental steroidogenic tissues from animals treated with estrogen, but not in other non-placental non-steroidogenic tissues, including lung, liver, and skin. Examples further demonstrate the uptake of fluorescently labeled HDL into the liver cells of animal, which does not occur when the animals are treated with estrogen. Examples also demonstrate the in vivo effects of SR-BI expression on HDL metabolism, in mice transiently overexpressing hepatic SR-BI following recombinant adenovirus infection. overexpression of the SR-BI in the hepatic tissue caused a dramatic decrease in cholesterol blood levels. These results demonstrate that modulation of SR-BI levels, either directly or indirectly, can be used to modulate levels of cholesterol in the blood.

[0001] The U.S. government has certain rights to this invention by virtue of Grants HL41484, HI-52212, and HL20948 from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention is generally in the area of modulation of cholesterol transport via the SR-BI scavenger receptor.

[0003] The intercellular transport of lipids through the circulatory system requires the packaging of these hydrophobic molecules into water-soluble carriers, called lipoproteins, and the regulated targeting of these lipoproteins to appropriate tissues by receptor-mediated pathways. The most well characterized lipoprotein receptor is the LDL receptor, which binds to apolipoproteins B-100 (apoB-100) and E (apoE), which are constituents of low density lipoprotein (LDL), the principal cholesteryl-ester transporter in human plasma, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), a triglyceride-rich carrier synthesized by the liver, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and catabolized chylomicrons (dietary triglyceride-rich carriers)

[0004] All members of the LDL receptor gene family consist of the same basic structural motifs. Ligand-binding (complement-type) cysteine-rich repeats of approximately 40 amino acids are arranged in clusters (ligand-binding domains) that contain between two and eleven repeats. Ligand-binding domains are always followed by EGF-precursor homologous domains. In these domains, two EGF-like repeats are separated from a third EGF-repeat by a spacer region containing the YWTD motif. In LRP and gp330, EGF-precursor homologous domains are either followed by another ligand-binding domain or by a spacer region. The EGF-precursor homology domain, which precedes the plasma membrane, is separated from the single membrane-spanning segment either by an O-linked sugar domain (in the LDL receptor and VLDL receptor) or by one (in C. elegans and gp330) or six EGF-repeats (in LRP). The cytoplasmic tails contain between one and three “NPXY” internalization signals required for clustering of the receptors in coated pits. In a later compartment of the secretory pathway, LRP is cleaved within the eighth EGF-precursor homology domain. The two subunits LRP-515 and LRP-85 (indicated by the brackets) remain tightly and non-covalently associated. Only partial amino acid sequence of the vitellogenin receptor and of gp330 are available.

[0005] LDL receptors and most other mammalian cell-surface receptors that mediate binding and, in some cases, the endocytosis, adhesion, or signaling exhibit two common ligand-binding characteristics: high affinity and narrow specificity. However, two additional lipoprotein receptors have been identified which are characterized by high affinity and broad specificity: the macrophage scavenger receptors type I and type II.

[0006] Scavenger receptors mediate the endocytosis of chemically modified lipoproteins, such as acetylated LDL (AcLDL) and oxidized LDL (OxLDL), and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (Krieger and Herz, 1994 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 601-637; Brown and Goldstein, 1983 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52, 223-261; Steinberg et al., 1989 N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 915-924). Macrophage scavenger receptors exhibit complex binding properties, including inhibition by a wide variety of polyanions, such as maleylated BSA (M-BSA) and certain polynucleotides and polysaccharides, as well as unusual ligand-cross competition (Freeman et al., 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 4931-4935, Krieger and Herz, 1994). Several investigators have suggested that there may be at least three different classes of such receptors expressed on mammalian macrophages, including receptors which recognize either AcLDL or OXLDL, or both of these ligands (Sparrow et al., 1989 J. Biol. Chem. 264, 2599-2604; Arai et al., 1989 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 159, 1375-1382; Nagelkerke et al., 1983 J. Biol. Chem. 258, 12221-12227).

[0007] The first macrophage scavenger receptors to be purified and cloned were the mammalian type I and II receptors. These are trimeric integral membrane glycoproteins whose extracellular domains have been predicted to include a-helical coiled-coil, collagenous and globular structures (Kodama et al., 1990 Nature 343, 531-535; Rohrer et al., 1990 Nature 343, 570-572; Krieger and Herz, 1994). The collagenous domain, shared by the type I and type II receptors, apparently mediates the binding of polyanionic ligands (Acton et al., 1993 J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3530-3537; Doi et al., 1993 J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2126-2133). The type I and type II molecules, which are the products of alternative splicing of a single gene, are hereafter designated class A scavenger receptors (SR-AI and SR-AII). The class A receptors, which bind both AcLDL and OxLDL (Freeman et al., 1991), have been proposed to be involved in host defense and cell adhesion, as well as atherogenesis (Freeman et al., 1991; Krieger, 1992 Trends Biochem. Sci. 17, 141-146; Fraser et al., 1993 Nature 364, 343-346; Krieger and Herz, 1994).

[0008] Based on models of the predicted quaternary structures of the type I and type II macrophage scavenger receptors, both contain six domains, of which the first five are identical: the N-terminal cytoplasmic region, the transmembrane region, spacer, α-helical coil, and collagen-like domains. The C-terminal sixth domain of the type I receptor is composed of an eight-residue spacer followed by a 102-amino acid cysteine-rich domain (SRCR), while the sixth domain of the type II receptor is only a short oligopeptide.

[0009] Using a murine macrophage cDNA library and a COS cell expression cloning technique, Endemann, Stanton and colleagues, (Endemann, et al. 1993 J. Biol. Chem. 268, 11811-11816; Stanton, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 22446-22451), reported the cloning of cDNAs encoding two additional proteins that can bind OxLDL. The binding of OxLDL to these proteins was not inhibited by ACLDL. These proteins are FcgRII-B2 (an Fc receptor) (Stanton et al., 1992) and CD36 (Endemann et al., 1993). The significance of the binding of OxLDL to FcgRII-B2 in transfected COS cells is unclear because FcgRII-B2 in macrophages apparently does not contribute significantly to OxLDL binding (Stanton et al., 1992). However, CD36 may play a quantitatively significant role in OxLDL binding by macrophages (Endemann et al., 1993). In addition to binding oxidized LDL, CD36 binds thrombospondin (Asch et al., 1987 J. Clin. Invest. 79, 1054-1061), collagen (Tandon et al., 1989 J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7576-7583), long-chain fatty acids (Abumrad et al., 1993 J. Biol. Chem. 268, 17665-17668) and Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (Oquendo et al., 1989 Cell 58, 95-101). CD36 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including adipose, and in macrophages, epithelial cells, monocytes, endothelial cells, platelets, and a wide variety of cultured lines (Abumrad et al., 1993; and see Greenwalt et al., 1992 Blood 80, 1105-1115 for review). Although the physiologic functions of CD36 are not known, it may serve as an adhesion molecule due to its collagen-binding properties. It is also been proposed to be a long-chain fatty acid transporter (Abumrad et al., 1993) and a signal transduction molecule (Ockenhouse et al., 1989 J. Clin. Invest. 84, 468-475; Huang et al., 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7844-7848), and may serve as a receptor on macrophages for senescent neutrophils (Savill et al., 1991 Chest 99, 7 (suppl)).

[0010] Modified lipoprotein scavenger receptor activity has also been observed in endothelial cells (Arai et al., 1989; Nagelkerke et al., 1983; Brown and Goldstein, 1983; Goldstein et al., 1979 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 333-337). At least some of the endothelial cell activity apparently is not mediated by the class A scavenger receptors (Bickel et al., 1992 J. Clin. Invest. 90, 1450-1457; Arai et al., 1989; Nagelkerke et al., 1983; Via et al., 1992 The Faseb J. 6, A371), which are often expressed by macrophages (Naito et al., 1991 Am. J. Pathol. 139, 1411-1423; Krieger and Herz, 1994). In vivo and in vitro studies suggest that there may be scavenger receptor genes expressed in endothelial cells and macrophages which differ from both the class A scavenger receptors and CD36 (Haberland et al., 1986 J. Clin. Inves. 77, 681-689; Via et al., 1992; Sparrow et al., 1989; Horiuchi et al., 1985 J. Biol. Chem. 259, 53-56; Arai et al., 1989; and see below). Via, Dressel and colleagues (Ottnad et al., 1992 Biochem J. 281, 745-751) and Schnitzer et al. 1992 J. Biol. Chem. 267, 24544-24553) have detected scavenger receptor-like binding by relatively small membrane associated proteins of 15-86 kD. In addition, the LDL receptor related protein (LRP) has been shown to bind lipoprotein remnant particles and a wide variety of other macromolecules. Both the mRNA encoding LRP and the LRP protein are found in many tissues and cell types (Herz, et al., 1988 EMBO J. 7:4119-4127; Moestrup, et al., 1992 Cell Tissue Res. 269:375-382), primarily the liver, the brain and the placenta. The predicted protein sequence of the LRP consists of a series of distinctive domains or structural motifs, which are also found in the LDL receptor.

[0011] As described by Kreiger, et al., in PCT/US95/07721 “Class BI and CI Scavenger Receptors” Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“Krieger, et al.”), two distinct scavenger receptor type proteins having high affinity for modified lipoproteins and other ligands have been isolated, characterized and cloned. Hamster and murine homologs of SR-BI, an AcLDL and LDL binding scavenger receptor, which is distinct from the type I and type II macrophage scavenger receptors, has been isolated and characterized. In addition, DNA encoding the receptor cloned from a variant of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells, designated Var-261, has been isolated and cloned. dSR-CI, a non-mammalian AcLDL binding scavenger receptor having high ligand affinity and broad specificity, was isolated from Drosophila melanogaster.

[0012] It was reported by Kreiger, et al. that the SR-BI receptor is expressed principally in steroidogenic tissues and liver and appears to mediate HDL-transfer and uptake of cholesterol. Competitive binding studies show that SR-BI binds LDL, modified LDL, negatively charged phospholipid, and HDL. Direct binding studies show that SR-BI expressed in mammalian cells (for example, a varient of CHO cells) binds HDL, without cellular degradation of the HDL-apoprotein, and lipid is accumulated within cells expressing the receptor. These studies indicate that SR-BI might play a major role in transfer of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, via HDL, into the liver and steroidogenic tissues, and that increased or decreased expression in the liver or other tissues may be useful in regulating uptake of cholesterol by cells expressing SR-BI, thereby decreasing levels in foam cells and deposition at sites involved in atherogenesis.

[0013] Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in western industrialized countries. The risk of developing atherosclerosis is directly related to plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and inversely related to HDL cholesterol levels. Over 20 years ago, the pivotal role of the LDL receptor in LDL metabolism was elucidated by Goldstein, et al., in the Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver, et al. (McGraw-Hill, NY 1995), pp. 1981-2030. In contrast, the cellular mechanisms responsible for HDL metabolism are still not well defined. It is generally accepted that HDL is involved in the transport of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver, a process known as reverse cholesterol transport, as described by Pieters, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1225, 125 (1994), and mediates the transport of cholesteryl ester to steroidogenic tissues for hormone synthesis, as described by Andersen and Dietschy, J. Biol. Chem. 256, 7362 (1981). The mechanism by which HDL cholesterol is delivered to target cells differs from that of LDL. The receptor-mediated metabolism of LDL has been thoroughly described and involves cellular uptake and degradation of the entire particle. In contrast, the receptor-mediated HDL metabolism has not been understood as well. Unlike LDL, the protein components of HDL are not degraded in the process of transporting cholesterol to cells. Despite numerous attempts by many investigators, the cell-surface protein(s) that participate in the delivery of cholesterol from HDL to cells had not been identified before the discovery that SR-BI was an HDL receptor.

[0014] It is an object of the present invention to provide methods and reagents for designing drugs that can stimulate or inhibit the binding to and lipid movements mediated by SR-BI and redirect uptake and metabolism of lipids and cholesterol by cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] Methods for regulation of cholesterol transport are described which are based on regulation of the expression or function of the SR-BI HDL receptor.

[0016] The examples demonstrate that estrogen dramatically downregulates SR-BI under conditions of tremendous upregulation of the LDL-receptor. The examples also demonstrate the upregulation of SR-BI in rat adrenal membranes and other non-placental steroidogenic tissues from animals treated with estrogen, but not in other non-placental non-steroidogenic tissues, including lung, liver, and skin. Examples also demonstrate the in vivo effects of SR-BI expression on HDL metabolism, in mice transiently overexpressing hepatic SR-BI following recombinant adenovirus infection. Overexpression of the SR-BI in the hepatic tissue caused a dramatic decrease in blood cholesterol levels. These results demonstrate that modulation of SR-BI levels, either directly or indirectly, can be used to modulate levels of cholesterol in the blood.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] FIGS. 1A-D are graphs of fast pressure liquid chromatography (FPLC) analysis of plasma showing the lipoprotein profile of control (Ad.ΔE1) (FIGS. 1A and 1C) and transgenic mice (Ad.SR-BI) (FIGS. 1B and 1D), and cholesterol levels (micrograms/fraction) over the course of zero to three days (FIGS. 1A and 1B) and seven to twenty-one days (FIGS. 1C and 1D).

[0018]FIG. 2 is a graph of HDL turnover over time (hours) in untreated, normal mice (closed squares), control (Ad.ΔE1) (open squares) and transgenic mice (Ad.SR-BI) (closed triangles).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] In previous studies, Western blotting was used to show that upon estrogen treatment in rats levels of SR-BI protein drop dramatically and LDL receptor levels increase in liver. As used herein, steroidogenic tissues refer to non-placental steroidogenic tissues including adrenal, ovary and testes. The liver and non-hepatic steroidogenic tissues had previously been shown to be sites of selective cholesterol uptake from HDL. Fluorescently labeled HDL has been used as a marker of lipid uptake and injected into estrogen and control treated animals. In control animals, there was a significant fluorescence in liver tissue, which was totally absent in estrogen treated animals. Given that estrogen is known to cause levels of HDL to increase in humans over time and to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis and given the evidence that changes in levels of SR-BI follow estrogen administration, one could inhibit SR-BI expression in liver by administration of estrogen, thereby decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis, although this is not preferred since estrogen also has side effects. Inhibition is more preferably achieved through the use of agents which inhibit expression of SR-BI, translation of SR-BI, binding of SR-BI, or cellular processing mediated by the SR-BI. Inhibition can be direct or indirect, competitive or irreversible.

[0020] I. Inhibitors of SR-BI Transport of Cholesterol.

[0021] Direct inhibitors include nucleotide molecules such as antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, and triplex forming oligonucleotides which bind to the SR-BI gene, either the protein encoding region of the gene or the regulatory regions of the gene; small organic molecules which bind to the SR-BI protein; soluble SR-BI protein or fragments thereof which competitively bind to the substrate for cell bound SR-BI; and compounds which block binding of HDL to SR-BI.

[0022] In a preferred embodiment, these compounds are initially screened using an assay such as the assays described below and then tested in transgenic animals made using standard transgenic animal technology to knockout or overexpress the SR-BI gene. Since homozygous knockouts may be lethal, a technique such as embryonic stem cell technology using rats, mice or hamsters or the use of retroviral or adenoviral vectors is preferred, to yield animals expressing some SR-BI.

[0023] The cDNA encoding SR-BI has been cloned and is reported in Krieger, et al. The cDNA encoding SR-BI yields a predicted protein sequence of 509 amino acids which is approximately 30% identical to those of the three previously identified CD36 family members. The cloned hamster SR-BI cDNA is approximately 2.9 kb long. The sequences of the 5′ untranslated region, the coding region, and a portion of the 3′ untranslated region are shown in Sequence Listing ID No. 1. The predicted protein sequence is 509 amino acids (Sequence Listing ID No. 2) with a calculated molecular weight of 57 kD. The murine cDNA is shown in Sequence Listing ID No. 3 and the predicted amino acid sequence is shown in Sequence Listing ID No. 4.

[0024] As used herein, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “SR-BI” refers to the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively, shown in Sequence ID Nos. 1 and 2, and 3 and 4, and degenerate variants thereof and their equivalents in other species of origin, especially human, as well as functionally equivalent variants, having additions, deletions, and substitutions of either nucleotides or amino acids which do not significantly alter the functional activity of the protein as a receptor characterized by the binding activity identified above.

[0025] II. Methods of Regulation of SR-BI cholesterol Transport.

[0026] It has now been demonstrated that SR-BI and the related SR-B proteins may play critical roles in HDL lipid metabolism and cholesterol transport. SR-BI appears to be responsible for cholesterol delivery to steroidogenic tissues and liver, and actually transfers cholesterol from HDL particles through the liver cells and into the bile canniculi, where it is passed out into the intestine. Data indicates that SR-BI is also expressed in the intestinal mucosa although the location and amount appears to be correlated with stages of development. It would be useful to increase expression of SR-BI in cells in which uptake of cholesterol can be increased, freeing HDL to serve as a means for removal of cholesterol from storage cells such as foam cells where it can play a role in atherogenesis.

[0027] As discussed above, the SR-BI proteins and antibodies and their DNAs can be used in screening of drugs which modulate the activity and/or the expression of SR-BI. These drugs should be useful in treating or preventing atherosclerosis, fat uptake by adipocytes, and some types of endocrine disorders.

[0028] Nucleotide Molecules

[0029] Preferred uses for the nucleotide sequences shown in the Sequence Listings below, are for the screening of drugs altering binding of or endocytosis of ligand by the scavenger receptor proteins, or expression or translation of the SR-BI protein.

[0030] The preferred size of a hybridization probe is from 10 nucleotides to 100,000 nucleotides in length. Below 10 nucleotides, hybridized systems are not stable and will begin to denature above 20° C. Above 100,000 nucleotides, one finds that hybridization (renaturation) becomes a much slower and incomplete process, as described in greater detail in the text MOLECULAR GENETICS, Stent, G. S. and R. Calender, pp. 213-219 (1971). Ideally, the probe should be from 20 to 10,000 nucleotides. Smaller nucleotide sequences (20-100) lend themselves to production by automated organic synthetic techniques. Sequences from 100-10,000 nucleotides can be obtained from appropriate restriction endonuclease treatments. The labeling of the smaller probes with the relatively bulky chemiluminescent moieties may in some cases interfere with the hybridization process.

[0031] Screening for Drugs Modifying or Altering the Extent of Receptor Function or Expression

[0032] The receptor proteins are useful as targets for compounds which turn on, or off, or otherwise regulate binding to these receptors. The assays described below clearly provide routine methodology by which a compound can be tested for an inhibitory effect on binding of a specific compound, such as a radiolabeled modified HDL and LDL or polyion. The in vitro studies of compounds which appear to inhibit binding selectively to the receptors are then confirmed by animal testing. Since the molecules are so highly evolutionarily conserved, it is possible to conduct studies in laboratory animals such as mice to predict the effects in humans.

[0033] Studies based on inhibition of binding are predictive for indirect effects of alteration of receptor binding. For example, inhibition of cholesterol-HDL binding to the SR-BI receptor leads to decreased uptake by cells of cholesterol and therefore inhibits cholesterol transport by cells expressing the SR-BI receptor. Increasing cholesterol-HDL binding to cells increases removal of lipids from the blood stream and thereby decreases lipid deposition within the blood stream. Studies have been conducted using a stimulator to enhance macrophage uptake of cholesterol and thereby treat atherogenesis, using M-CSF (Schaub, et al., 1994 Arterioscler. Thromb. 14(1), 70-76; Inaba, et al., 1993 J. Clin. Invest. 92(2), 750-757).

[0034] The following assays can be used to screen for compounds which are effective in methods for alter SR-BI expression, concentration, or transport of cholesterol.

[0035] Assays for Alterations in SR-BI Binding or Expression

[0036] Northern blot analysis of murine tissues shows that SR-BI is most abundantly expressed in adrenal, ovary, liver, testes, and fat and is present at lower levels in some other tissues. SR-BI mRNA expression is induced upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes. Both SR-BI and CD36 display high affinity binding for acetylated LDL with an apparent dissociation constant in the range of approximately 5 μg protein/ml. The ligand binding specificities of CD36 and SR-BI, determined by competition assays, are similar, but not identical: both bind modified proteins (acetylated LDL, maleylated BSA), but not the broad array of other polyanions (e.g. fucoidin, polyinosinic acid, polyguanosinic acid) which are ligands of the class A receptors. SR-BI displays high affinity and saturable binding of HDL which is not accompanied by cellular degradation of the HDL. HDL inhibits binding of AcLDL to CD36, suggesting that it binds HDL, similarly to SR-BI. Native LDL, which does not compete for the binding of acetylated LDL to either class A receptors or CD36, competes for binding to SR-BI.

[0037]¹²⁵I-AcLDL Binding, Uptake and Degradation Assays.

[0038] Scavenger receptor activities at 37° C. are measured by ligand binding, uptake and degradation assays as described by Krieger, Cell 33, 413-422, 1983; and Freeman et al., 1991). The values for binding and uptake are combined and are presented as binding plus uptake observed after a 5 hour incubation and are expressed as ng of ¹²⁵I-AcLDL protein per 5 hr per mg cell protein. Degradation activity is expressed as ng of 125I-AcLDL protein degraded in 5 hours per mg of cell protein. The specific, high affinity values represent the differences between the results obtained in the presence (single determinations) and absence (duplicate determinations) of excess unlabeled competing ligand. Cell surface 4° C. binding is assayed using either method A or method B as indicated. In method A, cells are prechilled on ice for 15 min, re-fed with ¹²⁵I-AcLDL in ice-cold medium B supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, with or without 75-200 μg/ml unlabeled M-BSA, and incubated 2 hr at 4° C. on a shaker. Cells are then washed rapidly three times with Tris wash buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4) containing 2 mg/ml BSA, followed by two 5 min washes, and two rapid washes with Tris wash buffer without BSA. The cells are solubilized in 1 ml of 0.1 N NaOH for 20 min at room temperature on a shaker, 30 μl are removed for protein determination, and the radioactivity in the remainder is determined using a LKB gamma counter. Method B differs from method A in that the cells are prechilled for 45 minutes, the medium contains 10 mM HEPES and 5% (v/v) human lipoprotein-deficient serum rather than fetal bovine serum, and the cell-associated radioactivity released by treatment with dextran sulfate is measured as described by Krieger, 1983; Freeman et al., 1991).

[0039] Northern Blot Analysis.

[0040] 0.5 micrograms of poly(A)+ RNA prepared from different murine tissues or from 3T3-L1 cells on zero, two, four, six or eight days after initiation of differentiation into adipocytes as described by Baldini et al., 1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 5049-5052, is fractionated on a formaldehyde/agarose gel (1.0%) and then blotted and fixed onto a Biotrans™ nylon membrane. The blots are hybridized with probes that are ³²P-labeled (2×10⁶ dpm/ml, random-primed labeling system). The hybridization and washing conditions, at 42° C. and 50° C., respectively, are performed as described by Charron et al., 1989 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 2535-2539. The probe for SR-BI mRNA analysis was a 0.6 kb BamHI fragment from the cDNAs coding region. The coding region of murine cytosolic hsp70 gene (Hunt and Calderwood, 1990 Gene 87, 199-204) is used as a control probe for equal mRNA loading.

[0041] SR-BI protein in tissues is detected by blotting with polyclonal antibodies to SR-BI.

[0042] HDL Binding Studies

[0043] HDL and VLDL binding to SR-BI and CD36 are conducted as described for LDL and modified LDL.

[0044] Studies conducted to determine if the HDL which is bound to SR-BI is degraded or recycled and if lipid which is bound to the HDL is transferred into the cells are conducted using fluorescent lipid-labeled HDL, ³H-cholesteryl ester labeled HDL and ¹²⁵I-HDL added to cultures of transfected or untransfected cells at a single concentration (10 μg protein/ml). HDL associated with the cells is measured over time. A steady state is reached in approximately thirty minutes to one hour. A fluorescent ligand, DiI, or ³H-cholesterol ester is used as a marker for lipid (for example, cholesterol or cholesterol ester) uptake by the cell. Increasing concentration of DiI indicates that lipid is being transferred from the HDL to the receptor, then being internalized by the cell. The DiI-depleted HDL is then released and replaced by another HDL molecule.

[0045] HDL Binding to SR-BI

[0046] Competition binding studies demonstrate that HDL and VLDL (400 μg/ml) competitively inhibit binding of ¹²⁵I-AcLDL to SR-BI. Direct binding of ¹²⁵I-HDL to cells expressing SR-BI is also determined.

[0047] Tissue Distribution of SR-BI

[0048] To explore the physiological functions of SR-BI, the tissue distribution of SR-BI was determined in murine tissues, both in control animals and estrogen treated animals, as described in the following examples. Each lane is loaded with 0.5 μg of poly(A)+ RNA prepared from various murine tissues: kidney, liver, adrenals, ovaries, brain, testis, fat, diaphragm, heart, lung, spleen, or other tissue. The blots are hybridized with a 750 base pair fragment of the coding region of SR-BI. SR-BI mRNA is most highly expressed in adrenals, ovary and liver is moderately or highly expressed in fat depended on the source and is expressed at lower levels in other tissues. Blots using polyclonal antibodies to a cytoplasmic region of SR-BI demonstrate that very high levels of protein are present in liver, adrenal tissues, and ovary in mice and rats, but only very low or undetectable levels are present in either white or brown fat, muscle or a variety of other tissues. Bands in the rat tissues were present at approximately 82 kD. In the mouse tissues, the 82 kD form observed in the liver and steroidogenic tissues is the same size observed in SR-BI-transfected cultured cells.

[0049] Assays for testing compounds for useful activity can be based solely on interaction with the receptor protein, preferably expressed on the surface of transfected cells such as those described above, although proteins in solution or immobilized on inert substrates can also be utilized, where the indication is inhibition or increase in binding of lipoproteins.

[0050] Alternatively, the assays can be based on interaction with the gene sequence encoding the receptor protein, preferably the regulatory sequences directing expression of the receptor protein. For example, antisense which binds to the regulatory sequences, and/or to the protein encoding sequences can be synthesized using standard oligonucleotide synthetic chemistry. The antisense can be stabilized for pharmaceutical use using standard methodology (encapsulation in a liposome or microsphere; introduction of modified nucleotides that are resistant to degradation or groups which increase resistance to endonucleases, such as phosphorothiodates and methylation), then screened initially for alteration of receptor activity in transfected or naturally occurring cells which express the receptor, then in vivo in laboratory animals. Typically, the antisense would inhibit expression. However, sequences which block those sequences which “turn off” synthesis can also be targeted.

[0051] The receptor protein for study can be isolated from either naturally occurring cells or cells which have been genetically engineered to express the receptor, as described in the examples above. In the preferred embodiment, the cells would have been engineered using the intact gene.

[0052] Random Generation of Receptor or Receptor Encoding Sequence Binding Molecules.

[0053] Molecules with a given function, catalytic or ligand-binding, can be selected for from a complex mixture of random molecules in what has been referred to as “in vitro genetics” (Szostak, TIBS 19:89, 1992). One synthesizes a large pool of molecules bearing random and defined sequences and subjects that complex mixture, for example, approximately 10¹⁵ individual sequences in 100 μg of a 100 nucleotide RNA, to some selection and enrichment process. For example, by repeated cycles of affinity chromatography and PCR amplification of the molecules bound to the ligand on the column, Ellington and Szostak (1990) estimated that 1 in 10¹⁰ RNA molecules folded in such a way as to bind a given ligand. DNA molecules with such ligand-binding behavior have been isolated (Ellington and Szostak, 1992; Bock et al, 1992)

[0054] Computer Assisted Drug Design

[0055] Computer modeling technology allows visualization of the three-dimensional atomic structure of a selected molecule and the rational design of new compounds that will interact with the molecule. The three-dimensional construct typically depends on data from x-ray crystallographic analyses or NMR imaging of the selected molecule. The molecular dynamics require force field data. The computer graphics systems enable prediction of how a new compound will link to the target molecule and allow experimental manipulation of the structures of the compound and target molecule to perfect binding specificity. Prediction of what the molecule-compound interaction will be when small changes are made in one or both requires molecular mechanics software and computationally intensive computers, usually coupled with user-friendly, menu-driven interfaces between the molecular design program and the user.

[0056] Examples of molecular modelling systems are the CHARMm and QUANTA programs, Polygen Corporation, Waltham, Mass. CHARMm performs the energy minimization and molecular dynamics functions. QUANTA performs the construction, graphic modelling and analysis of molecular structure. QUANTA allows interactive construction, modification, visualization, and analysis of the behavior of molecules with each other.

[0057] A number of articles review computer modeling of drugs interactive with specific proteins, such as Rotivinen, et al., 1988 Acta Pharmaceutica Fennica 97, 159-166; Ripka, New Scientist 54-57 (June 16, 1988); McKinaly and Rossmann, 1989 Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxiciol. 29, 111-122; Perry and Davies, QSAR: Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Drug Design pp. 189-193 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1989); Lewis and Dean, 1989 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 236, 125-140 and 141-162; and, with respect to a model receptor for nucleic acid components, Askew, et al., 1989 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 1082-1090. Other computer programs that screen and graphically depict chemicals are available from companies such as BioDesign, Inc., Pasadena, Calif., Allelix, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, and Hypercube, Inc., Cambridge, Ontario. Although these are primarily designed for application to drugs specific to particular proteins, they can be adapted to design of drugs specific to regions of DNA or RNA, once that region is identified.

[0058] Although described above with reference to design and generation of compounds which could alter binding and therefore cholesterol transport, one could also screen libraries of known compounds, including natural products or synthetic chemicals, and biologically active materials, including proteins, for compounds which are inhibitors or activators.

[0059] Generation of Nucleic Acid Regulators

[0060] Nucleic acid molecules containing the 5′ regulatory sequences of the receptor genes can be used to regulate or inhibit gene expression in vivo. Vectors, including both plasmid and eukaryotic viral vectors, may be used to express a particular recombinant 5′ flanking region-gene construct in cells depending on the preference and judgment of the skilled practitioner (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., Chapter 16). Furthermore, a number of viral and nonviral vectors are being developed that enable the introduction of nucleic acid sequences in vivo (see, e.g., Mulligan, 1993 Science, 260, 926-932; U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286; U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,116; incorporated herein by reference). For example, a delivery system in which nucleic acid is encapsulated in cationic liposomes which can be injected intravenously into a mammal has been used to introduce DNA into the cells of multiple tissues of adult mice, including endothelium and bone marrow (see, e.g., Zhu et al., 1993 Science 261, 209-211; incorporated herein by reference).

[0061] The 5′ flanking sequences of the receptor gene can also be used to inhibit the expression of the receptor. For example, an antisense RNA of all or a portion of the 5′ flanking region of the receptor gene can be used to inhibit expression of the receptor in vivo. Expression vectors (e.g., retroviral or adenoviral expression vectors) are already in the art which can be used to generate an antisense RNA of a selected DNA sequence which is expressed in a cell (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,116; U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286). Accordingly, DNA containing all or a portion of the sequence of the 5′ flanking region of the receptor gene can be inserted into an appropriate expression vector so that upon passage into the cell, the transcription of the inserted DNA yields an antisense RNA that is complementary to the mRNA transcript of the receptor protein gene normally found in the cell. This antisense RNA transcript of the inserted DNA can then base-pair with the normal mRNA transcript found in the cell and thereby prevent the mRNA from being translated. It is of course necessary to select sequences of the 5′ flanking region that are downstream from the transcriptional start sites for the receptor protein gene to ensure that the antisense RNA contains complementary sequences present on the mRNA.

[0062] Antisense RNA can be generated in vitro also, and then inserted into cells. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized on an automated synthesizer (e.g., Model 8700 automated synthesizer of Milligen-Biosearch, Burlington, Mass. or ABI Model 380B). In addition, antisense deoxyoligonucleotides have been shown to be effective in inhibiting gene transcription and viral replication (see e.g., Zamecnik et al., 1978 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 280-284; Zamecnik et al., 1986 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 83, 4143-4146; Wickstrom et al., 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 1028-1032; Crooke, 1993 FASEB J. 7, 533-539. Furthermore, recent work has shown that improved inhibition of expression of a gene by antisense oligonucleotides is possible if the antisense oligonucleotides contain modified nucleotides (see, e.g., Offensperger et. al., 1993 EMBO J. 12, 1257-1262 (in vivo inhibition of duck hepatitis B viral replication and gene expression by antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides); Rosenberg et al., PCT WO 93/01286 (synthesis of sulfurthioate oligonucleotides); Agrawal et al., 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7079-7083 (synthesis of antisense oligonucleoside phosphoramidates and phosphorothioates to inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1); Sarin et al., 1989 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7448-7794 (synthesis of antisense methylphosphonate oligonucleotides); Shaw et al., 1991 Nucleic Acids Res 19, 747-750 (synthesis of 3′ exonuclease-resistant oligonucleotides containing 3′ terminal phosphoroamidate modifications); incorporated herein by reference).

[0063] The sequences of the 5′ flanking region of receptor protein gene can also be used in triple helix (triplex) gene therapy. Oligonucleotides complementary to gene promoter sequences on one of the strands of the DNA have been shown to bind promoter and regulatory sequences to form local triple nucleic acid helices which block transcription of the gene (see, e.g., 1989 Maher et al., Science 245, 725-730; Orson et al., 1991 Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 3435-3441; Postal et al., 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8227-8231; Cooney et al., 1988 Science 241, 456-459; Young et al., 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 10023-10026; Duval-Valentin et al., 1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 504-508; 1992 Blume et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 20, 1777-1784; 1992 Grigoriev et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 3389-3395.

[0064] Both theoretical calculations and empirical findings have been reported which provide guidance for the design of oligonucleotides for use in oligonucleotide-directed triple helix formation to inhibit gene expression. For example, oligonucleotides should generally be greater than 14 nucleotides in length to ensure target sequence specificity (see, e.g., Maher et al., (1989); Grigoriev et al., (1992)). Also, many cells avidly take up oligonucleotides that are less than 50 nucleotides in length (see e.g., Orson et al., (1991); Holt et al., 1988 Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 963-973; Wickstrom et al., 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 1028-1032). To reduce susceptibility to intracellular degradation, for example by 3′ exonucleases, a free amine can be introduced to a 3′ terminal hydroxyl group of oligonucleotides without loss of sequence binding specificity (Orson et al., 1991). Furthermore, more stable triplexes are formed if any cytosines that may be present in the oligonucleotide are methylated, and also if an intercalating agent, such as an acridine derivative, is covalently attached to a 5′ terminal phosphate (e.g., via a pentamethylene bridge); again without loss of sequence specificity (Maher et al., (1989); Grigoriev et al., (1992).

[0065] Methods to produce or synthesize oligonucleotides are well known in the art. Such methods can range from standard enzymatic digestion followed by nucleotide fragment isolation (see e.g., Sambrook et al., Chapters 5, 6) to purely synthetic methods, for example, by the cyanoethyl phosphoramidite method using a Milligen or Beckman System 1Plus DNA synthesizer (see also, Ikuta et al., in Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1984 53, 323-356 (phosphotriester and phosphite-triester methods); Narang et al., in Methods Enzymol., 65, 610-620 (1980) (phosphotriester method). Accordingly, DNA sequences of the 5′ flanking region of the receptor protein gene described herein can be used to design and construct oligonucleotides including a DNA sequence consisting essentially of at least 15 consecutive nucleotides, with or without base modifications or intercalating agent derivatives, for use in forming triple helices specifically within the 5′ flanking region of a receptor protein gene in order to inhibit expression of the gene.

[0066] In some cases it may be advantageous to insert enhancers or multiple copies of the regulatory sequences into an expression system to facilitate screening of methods and reagents for manipulation of expression.

[0067] Preparation of Receptor Protein Fragments

[0068] Compounds which are effective for blocking binding of the receptor to the cholesterol-HDL can also consist of fragments of the receptor proteins, expressed recombinantly and cleaved by enzymatic digest or expressed from a sequence encoding a peptide of less than the full length receptor protein. These will typically be soluble proteins, i.e., not including the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions, although smaller portions determined in the assays described above to inhibit or compete for binding to the receptor proteins can also be utilized. It is a routine matter to make appropriate receptor protein fragments, test for binding, and then utilize. The preferred fragments are of human origin, in order to minimize potential immunological response. The peptides can be as short as five to eight amino acids in length and are easily prepared by standard techniques. They can also be modified to increase in vivo half-life, by chemical modification of the amino acids or by attachment to a carrier molecule or inert substrate. Based on studies with other peptide fragments blocking receptor binding, the IC₅₀, the dose of peptide required to inhibit binding by 50%, ranges from about 50 μM to about 300 μM, depending on the peptides. These ranges are well within the effective concentrations for the in vivo administration of peptides, based on comparison with the RGD-containing peptides, described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,792,525 to Ruoslaghti, et al., used in vivo to alter cell attachment and phagocytosis.

[0069] The peptides can also be conjugated to a carrier protein such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin by its N-terminal cysteine by standard procedures such as the commercial Imject kit from Pierce Chemicals or expressed as a fusion protein, which may have increased efficacy. As noted above, the peptides can be prepared by proteolytic cleavage of the receptor proteins, or, preferably, by synthetic means. These methods are known to those skilled in the art. An example is the solid phase synthesis described by J. Merrifield, 1964 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149, used in U.S. Pat. No. 4,792,525, and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,946, wherein a protected alpha-amino acid is coupled to a suitable resin, to initiate synthesis of a peptide starting from the C-terminus of the peptide. Other methods of synthesis are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,305,872 and 4,316,891. These methods can be used to synthesize peptides having identical sequence to the receptor proteins described herein, or substitutions or additions of amino acids, which can be screened for activity as described above.

[0070] The peptide can also be administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid- or base-addition salt, formed by reaction with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, thiocyanic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, and organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid, or by reaction with an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and organic bases such as mono-, di-, trialkyl and aryl amines and substituted ethanolamines.

[0071] Peptides containing cyclopropyl amino acids, or amino acids derivatized in a similar fashion, can also be used. These peptides retain their original activity but have increased half-lives in vivo. Methods known for modifying amino acids, and their use, are known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,784 to Stammer.

[0072] The peptides are generally active when administered parenterally in amounts above about 1 μg/kg of body weight. Based on extrapolation from other proteins for treatment of most inflammatory disorders, the dosage range will be between 0.1 to 70 mg/kg of body weight. This dosage will be dependent, in part, on whether one or more peptides are administered.

[0073] Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0074] Compounds which alter receptor protein binding are preferably administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Suitable pharmaceutical vehicles are known to those skilled in the art. For parenteral administration, the compound will usually be dissolved or suspended in sterile water or saline. For enteral administration, the compound will be incorporated into an inert carrier in tablet, liquid, or capsular form. Suitable carriers may be starches or sugars and include lubricants, flavorings, binders, and other materials of the same nature. The compounds can also be administered locally by topical application of a solution, cream, gel, or polymeric material (for example, a Pluronic™, BASF).

[0075] Alternatively, the compound may be administered in liposomes or microspheres (or microparticles). Methods for preparing liposomes and microspheres for administration to a patient are known to those skilled in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,734 describe methods for encapsulating biological materials in liposomes. Essentially, the material is dissolved in an aqueous solution, the appropriate phospholipids and lipids added, along with surfactants if required, and the material dialyzed or sonicated, as necessary. A review of known methods is by G. Gregoriadis, Chapter 14. “Liposomes”, Drug Carriers in Biology and Medicine pp. 287-341 (Academic Press, 1979). Microspheres formed of polymers or proteins are well known to those skilled in the art, and can be tailored for passage through the gastrointestinal tract directly into the bloodstream. Alternatively, the compound can be incorporated and the microspheres, or composite of microspheres, implanted for slow release over a period of time, ranging from days to months. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,906,474, 4,925,673, and 3,625,214.

[0076] Generation of Transgenic Animals for Screening

[0077] With the knowledge of the cDNA encoding SR-BI and regulatory sequences regulating expression thereof, it is possible to generate transgenic animals, especially rodents, for testing the compounds which can alter SR-BI expression, translation or function in a desired manner. This procedure for transient overexpression in animals following infection with adenoviral vectors is described below in the examples.

[0078] There are basically two types of animals which are useful: those not expressing functional SR-BI, which are useful for testing of drugs which may work better in combination with an inhibitor of SR-BI to control levels of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or components thereof, and those which overexpress SR-BI, either in those tissues which already express the protein or in those tissues where only low levels are naturally expressed.

[0079] The animals in the first group are preferably made using techniques that result in “knocking out” of the gene for SR-BI, although in the preferred case this will be incomplete, either only in certain tissues, or only to a reduced amount. These animals are preferably made using a construct that includes complementary nucleotide sequence to the SR-BI gene, but does not encode functional SR-BI, and is most preferably used with embryonic stem cells to create chimeras. Animals which are heterozygous for the defective gene can also be obtained by breeding a homozygote normal with an animal which is defective in production of SR-BI.

[0080] The animals in the second group are preferably made using a construct that includes a tissue specific promoter, of which many are available and described in the literature, or an unregulated promoter or one which is modified to increase expression as compared with the native promoter. The regulatory sequences for the SR-BI gene can be obtained using standard techniques based on screening of an appropriate library with the cDNA encoding SR-BI. These animals are most preferably made using standard microinjection techniques.

[0081] These manipulations are performed by insertion of cDNA or genomic DNA into the embryo using microinjection or other techniques known to those skilled in the art such as electroporation, as described below. The DNA is selected on the basis of the purpose for which it is intended: to inactivate the gene encoding an SR-BI or to overexpress or express in a different tissue the gene encoding SR-BI. The SR-BI encoding gene can be modified by homologous recombination with a DNA for a defective SR-BI, such as one containing within the coding sequence an antibiotic marker, which can then be used for selection purposes.

[0082] Animal Sources

[0083] Animals suitable for transgenic experiments can be obtained from standard commercial sources. These include animals such as mice and rats for testing of genetic manipulation procedures, as well as larger animals such as pigs, cows, sheep, goats, and other animals that have been genetically engineered using techniques known to those skilled in the art. These techniques are briefly summarized below based principally on manipulation of mice and rats.

[0084] Microinjection Procedures

[0085] The procedures for manipulation of the embryo and for microinjection of DNA -are described in detail in Hogan et al. Manipulating the mouse embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1986), the teachings of which are incorporated herein. These techniques are readily applicable to embryos of other animal species, and, although the success rate is lower, it is considered to be a routine practice to those skilled in this art.

[0086] Transgenic Animals

[0087] Female animals are induced to superovulate using methodology adapted from the standard techniques used with mice, that is, with an injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG; Sigma) followed 48 hours later by an injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG; Sigma). Females are placed with males immediately after hCG injection. Approximately one day after hCG, the mated females are sacrificed and embryos are recovered from excised oviducts and placed in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sigma). Surrounding cumulus cells are removed with hyaluronidase (1 mg/ml). Pronuclear embryos are then washed and placed in Earle's balanced salt solution containing 0.5% BSA (EBSS) in a 37.5° C. incubator with a humidified atmosphere at 5% CO₂, 95% air until the time of injection.

[0088] Randomly cycling adult females are mated with vasectomized males to induce a false pregnancy, at the same time as donor females At the time of embryo transfer, the recipient females are anesthetized and the oviducts are exposed by an incision through the body wall directly over the oviduct. The ovarian bursa is opened and the embryos to be transferred are inserted into the infundibulum. After the transfer, the incision is closed by suturing.

[0089] Embryonic Stem (ES) Cell Methods Introduction of cDNA into ES Cells:

[0090] Methods for the culturing of ES cells and the subsequent production of transgenic animals, the introduction of DNA into ES cells by a variety of methods such as electroporation, calcium phosphate/DNA precipitation, and direct injection are described in detail in Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cells, a practical approach, ed. E. J. Robertson, (IRL Press 1987), the teachings of which are incorporated herein. Selection of the desired clone of transgene-containing ES cells is accomplished through one of several means. In cases involving sequence specific gene integration, a nucleic acid sequence for recombination with the SR-BI gene or sequences for controlling expression thereof is co-precipitated with a gene encoding a marker such as neomycin resistance. Transfection is carried out by one of several methods described in detail in Lovell-Badge, in Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cells, a practical approach, ed. E. J. Robertson, (IRL Press 1987) or in Potter et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 7161 (1984). Calcium phosphate/DNA precipitation, direct injection, and electroporation are the preferred methods. In these procedures, a number of ES cells, for example, 0.5×10⁶, are plated into tissue culture dishes and transfected with a mixture of the linearized nucleic acid sequence and 1 mg of pSV2neo DNA (Southern and Berg, J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1:327-341 (1982)) precipitated in the presence of 50 mg lipofectin in a final volume of 100 μl. The cells are fed with selection medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum in DMEM supplemented with an antibiotic such as G418 (between 200 and 500 μg/ml). Colonies of cells resistant to G418 are isolated using cloning rings and expanded. DNA is extracted from drug resistant clones and Southern blotting experiments using the nucleic acid sequence as a probe are used to identify those clones carrying the desired nucleic acid sequences. In some experiments, PCR methods are used to identify the clones of interest.

[0091] DNA molecules introduced into ES cells can also be integrated into the chromosome through the process of homologous recombination, described by Capecchi, (1989). Direct injection results in a high efficiency of integration. Desired clones are identified through PCR of DNA prepared from pools of injected ES cells. Positive cells within the pools are identified by PCR subsequent to cell cloning (Zimmer and Gruss, Nature 338, 150-153 (1989)). DNA introduction by electroporation is less efficient and requires a selection step. Methods for positive selection of the recombination event (i.e., neo resistance) and dual positive-negative selection (i.e., neo resistance and ganciclovir resistance) and the subsequent identification of the desired clones by PCR have been described by Joyner et al., Nature 338, 153-156 (1989) and Capecchi, (1989), the teachings of which are incorporated herein.

[0092] Embryo Recovery and ES Cell Injection

[0093] Naturally cycling or superovulated females mated with males are used to harvest embryos for the injection of ES cells. Embryos of the appropriate age are recovered after successful mating. Embryos are flushed from the uterine horns of mated females and placed in Dulbecco's modified essential medium plus 10% calf serum for injection with ES cells. Approximately 10-20 ES cells are injected into blastocysts using a glass microneedle with an internal diameter of approximately 20 μm.

[0094] Transfer of Embryos to Pseudopregnant Females

[0095] Randomly cycling adult females are paired with vasectomized males. Recipient females are mated such that they will be at 2.5 to 3.5 days post-mating (for mice, or later for larger animals) when required for implantation with blastocysts containing ES cells. At the time of embryo transfer, the recipient females are anesthetized. The ovaries are exposed by making an incision in the body wall directly over the oviduct and the ovary and uterus are externalized. A hole is made in the uterine horn with a needle through which the blastocysts are transferred. After the transfer, the ovary and uterus are pushed back into the body and the incision is closed by suturing. This procedure is repeated on the opposite side if additional transfers are to be made.

[0096] Identification of Transgenic Animals.

[0097] Samples (1-2 cm of mouse tails) are removed from young animals. For larger animals, blood or other tissue can be used. To test for chimeras in the homologous recombination experiments, i.e., to look for contribution of the targeted ES cells to the animals, coat color has been used in mice, although blood could be examined in larger animals. DNA is prepared and analyzed by both Southern blot and PCR to detect transgenic founder (F₀) animals and their progeny (F₁ and F₂)

[0098] Once the transgenic animals are identified, lines are established by conventional breeding and used as the donors for tissue removal and implantation using standard techniques for implantation into humans.

[0099] The present invention will be further understood by reference to the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Depletion of Blood Cholesterol Levels in Animals Transiently Overexpressing SR-BI

[0100] The in vivo effects of murine SR-BI (mSR-BI) on HDL and biliary cholesterol metabolism were studied in C57BL/6 mice that transiently overexpressed hepatic mSR-BI because of infection by intravenous infusion with a recombinant, replication defective adenovirus (Ad.mSR-BI). In the Ad.mSR-BI virus, the mSR-BI cDNA is under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early enhancer/promotor. Controls included mice infected with a replication defective adenovirus lacking a cDNA transgene (Ad.ΔE1 exhibited modest levels of SR-BI expression, as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and by immunoblotting. Three days post-infection, mSR-BI expression was dramatically increased in the livers of Ad.mSR-BI treated animals. Although the amount of mSR-BI protein decreased with time after infection, levels substantially above those of controls 21 days after infection were routinely observed. Much of the increase in mSR-BI expression appeared to be localized to the apical surfaces of the hepatocytes, with especially strong focal intensities suggesting high expression in the bile canaliculi. Sinusoidal staining was also observed.

[0101] The effects of hepatic SR-BI overexpression on plasma cholesterol levels are shown in Table 1. Infusion of control adenovirus had little or no effect on total cholesterol. In contrast, infusion of Ad.SR-BI resulted in dramatic decrease in plasma cholesterol by day 3, to approx. 14% of control levels. By day 7, cholesterol levels had increased to above preinfusion levels, and returned to baseline by day 21. Plasma levels of apoAI, the major protein component of HDL, mirrored total cholesterol levels in the initial decrease observed on day 3 (Table 1); in contrast, at later time points, apoAI levels increased but did not recover to pre-infusion levels until day 21. TABLE 1 Plasma cholesterol and apoAI levels. Cholesterol (mg/dL) apoAI (mg/dL) Day Ad.ΔE1 Ad.SR-BI Ad.ΔE1 Ad.SR-BI pre 131.0 117.8 33.2 32.6  3 125.5 16.5 31.0 5.0  7 146.0 173.0 33.5 23.4 14 129.0 152.0 32.5 26.0 21 113.0 87.5 34.0 32.0

[0102] The numbers shown in the above table are averages for 2 to 8 mice/time point.

[0103] Fast pressure liquid chromatography (FPLC) analysis of plasma was performed to determine specifically the effects of hepatic SR-BI overexpression on the different classes of lipoproteins. FIGS. 1A and 1B (pre-treatment) show the lipoprotein profile of normal C57BL/6 mice, with most cholesterol contained in the HDL fraction, and low or undetectable VLDL and IDL/LDL fractions. Infusion of the control Ad.ΔE1 virus had virtually no effect on the lipoprotein profiles at earlier (FIG. 1A, pretreatment to day 3) or later (FIG. 1C, days 7 to 21) time points, consistent with the absence of changes in total plasma cholesterol and apoAI levels (Table 1). Plasma lipoproteins of SR-BI infused mice, although identical to control mice pre-infusion, showed a large decrease in HDL cholesterol on day 3 (FIG. 1B). This suggests that SR-BI overexpression in liver causes increased uptake of plasma HDL cholesterol, and thus lowers circulating HDL levels. This is consistent with the lower total plasma cholesterol levels on day 3 (Table 1). At later time points, SR-BI levels slowly declined, and HDL cholesterol slowly increased (FIG. 1D). In parallel, on days 7 and 10, an increase in both VLDL and IDL/LDL cholesterol were observed, suggesting either increased VLDL secretion by the liver, or a down-regulation of LDL receptors. These changes may occur as a result of increased cholesterol uptake by the liver through HDL-derived cholesterol taken up by SR-BI. The VLDL and IDL/LDL levels decreased to baseline levels by day 21, although HDL cholesterol remained below baseline, suggesting that SR-BI may still be active.

[0104] To examine the fate of the HDL particle, an HDL clearance study was performed. Mice were infused with either the control virus Ad.ΔE1, or with Ad.SR-BI. Five days following virus infusion, when transgene expression levels are maximal, mice were infused with ¹²⁵I-labeled HDL, which is labeled in the protein portion (primarily apoAI). Plasma samples were obtained at various time points, and the amount of ¹²⁵I remaining in the plasma was determined. FIG. 2 shows that mice overexpressing SR-BI (triangles) had a faster rate of HDL turnover than either uninfused (closed squares) or control virus infused mice (open squares). This suggests that the HDL particle itself may be degraded following SR-BI-mediated uptake of HDL-derived cholesterol.

[0105] Unlike LDL cholesterol, HDL-derived cholesterol is believed to be preferentially excreted in bile. Thus, bile excreted from SR-BI overexpressing mice was analyzed for cholesterol, bile salt, and phospholipid content. Four days following infusion of control virus (Ad.ΔE1) or Ad.SR-BI, mice were anesthetized, bile ducts were cannulated, and bile collected for approximately 1 hour to obtain at least 0.1 ml of bile. Table 2 shows that bile from SR-BI mice contained approximately 2-fold more free cholesterol than control mice, while bile salts and phospholipid did not change. This demonstrates that one consequence of increased hepatic uptake of HDL cholesterol is increased cholesterol excretion in bile. TABLE 2 Bile cholesterol levels. Cholesterol Bile salts Phospholipid (mM) (mM) (mM) no virus 0.490 ± 0.138 20.5 ± 6.4  3.95 ± 1.01 Ad.ΔE1 0.572 ± 0.132 23.2 ± 10.7 3.64 ± 1.24 Ad.SR-BI  1.149 ± 0.358⁸ 19.7 ± 5.9  4.72 ± 1.48

[0106] As an indirect marker of HDL-cholesterol transfer to hepatocytes, mice were injected with DiI-HDL, which are labeled with a fluorescent lipid (DiI). These particles have previously been shown in cell culture to transfer the DiI at a rate comparable to the rate of transfer of the cholesterol ester. Five days after virus infusion, mice were injected with 40 μg of DiI-HDL. Two hours later, mice were anesthetized, perfused, and liver tissues were taken. Fresh-frozen sections of liver from SR-BI overexpressing mice stained strongly with the anti-SR-BI antibody and had high DiI content, as viewed under the fluorescent microscope. In contrast, control mice had low DiI content. Furthermore, in several mice, DiI transfer to bile was measured. Bile from control mice (n=7) had fluorescence intensity ranging from 0.11 to 0.19 (relative units). In contrast, bile from the two SR-BI overexpressing mice in this experiment had fluorescence intensities of 1.13 and 0.93.

[0107] Taken together, these data show that hepatic SR-BI overexpression increases uptake of HDL-derived lipid into the liver, and that in turn some of the cholesterol can be excreted in the bile. These data further suggest that inhibition of SR-BI should increase HDL cholesterol blood levels. This is expected to provide a mechanism for decreasing cholesterol secretion into the gall bladder and therefore inhibit gallstone formation.

[0108] Modifications and variations of the methods and materials described herein will be obvious to those skilled in the art and are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. The teachings of the references cited herein are specifically incorporated herein

1 4 1788 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA NO NO misc_feature 156..1683 /function= “Nucleotides 156 through 1683 encode the amino acid sequence for the Hamster Scavenger Receptor Class B-I.” 1 GCCACCTGCA GGGCTACTGC TGCTCCGGCC ACTGCCTGAG ACTCACCTTG CTGGAACGTG 60 AGCCTCGGCT TCTGTCATCT CTGTGGCCTC TGTCGCTTCT GTCGCTGTCC CCCTTCAGTC 120 CCTGAGCCCC GCGAGCCCGG GCCGCACACG CGGACATGGG CGGCAGCGCC AGGGCGCGCT 180 GGGTGGCGGT GGGGCTGGGC GTCGTGGGGC TGCTGTGCGC TGTGCTCGGT GTGGTTATGA 240 TCCTCGTGAT GCCCTCGCTC ATCAAACAGC AGGTACTGAA GAATGTCCGC ATAGACCCCA 300 GCAGCCTGTC CTTTGCAATG TGGAAGGAGA TCCCTGTACC CTTCTACTTG TCCGTCTACT 360 TCTTCGAGGT GGTCAATCCC AGCGAGATCC TAAAGGGTGA GAAGCCAGTA GTGCGGGAGC 420 GTGGACCCTA TGTCTACAGG GAATTCAGAC ATAAGGCCAA CATCACCTTC AATGACAATG 480 ATACTGTGTC CTTTGTGGAG CACCGCAGCC TCCATTTCCA GCCGGACAGG TCCCACGGCT 540 CTGAGAGTGA CTACATTATA CTGCCTAACA TTCTGGTCTT GGGGGGCGCA GTAATGATGG 600 AGAGCAAGTC TGCAGGCCTG AAGCTGATGA TGACCTTGGG GCTGGCCACC TTGGGCCAGC 660 GTGCCTTTAT GAACCGAACA GTTGGTGAGA TCCTGTGGGG CTATGAGGAT CCCTTCGTGA 720 ATTTTATCAA CAAATACTTA CCAGACATGT TCCCCATCAA GGGCAAGTTC GGCCTGTTTG 780 TTGAGATGAA CAACTCAGAC TCTGGGCTCT TCACTGTGTT CACGGGCGTC CAGAACTTCA 840 GCAAGATCCA CCTGGTGGAC AGATGGAATG GGCTCAGCAA GGTCAACTAC TGGCATTCAG 900 AGCAGTGCAA CATGATCAAT GGCACTTCCG GGCAGATGTG GGCACCATTC ATGACACCCC 960 AGTCCTCGCT GGAATTCTTC AGTCCGGAAG CCTGCAGGTC TATGAAGCTC ACCTACCATG 1020 ATTCAGGGGT GTTTGAAGGC ATCCCCACCT ATCGCTTCAC AGCCCCTAAA ACTTTGTTTG 1080 CCAATGGGTC TGTTTACCCA CCCAATGAAG GTTTCTGCCC GTGCCTTGAA TCCGGCATTC 1140 AAAATGTCAG CACTTGCAGG TTTGGTGCAC CCCTGTTTCT GTCACACCCT CACTTCTACA 1200 ATGCAGACCC TGTGCTATCA GAAGCCGTTC TGGGTCTGAA CCCTGACCCA AGGGAGCATT 1260 CTTTGTTCCT TGACATCCAT CCGGTCACTG GGATCCCCAT GAACTGTTCT GTGAAGTTGC 1320 AGATAAGCCT CTACATCAAA GCTGTCAAGG GCATTGGGCA AACAGGGAAG ATCGAGCCCG 1380 TGGTCCTCCC ATTGCTGTGG TTTGAGCAGA GCGGTGCCAT GGGCGGCGAG CCCCTGAACA 1440 CGTTCTACAC GCAGCTGGTG CTGATGCCCC AGGTACTTCA GTATGTGCAG TATGTGCTGC 1500 TGGGGCTGGG CGGCCTCCTG CTGCTGGTGC CCGTCATCTA CCAGTTGCGC AGCCAGGAGA 1560 AATGCTTTTT ATTTTGGAGT GGTAGTAAAA AGGGCTCGCA GGATAAGGAG GCCATTCAGG 1620 CCTACTCTGA GTCTCTGATG TCACCAGCTG CCAAGGGCAC GGTGCTGCAA GAAGCCAAGC 1680 TGTAGGGTCC CAAAGACACC ACGAGCCCCC CCAACCTGAT AGCTTGGTCA GACCAGCCAT 1740 CCAGCCCCTA CACCCCGCTT CTTGAGGACT CTCTCAGCGG ACAGTCGC 1788 509 amino acids amino acid linear protein NO internal misc_feature 1..509 /function= “Amino acid sequence for the Hamster Scavenger Receptor Class B-I.” Domain 9..32 /note= “Putative transmembrane domain.” Domain 440..464 /note= “Putative transmembrane domain.” Modified-site 1..385 /note= “Positions 102-104, 108-110, 173-175, 212-214, 227-229, 255-257, 310-312, 330-332 and 383-385 represent potential N-linked glycosylation sites.” Modified-site 21..470 /note= “The cysteines at positions 21, 251, 280, 321, 323, 334, 384 and 470 represent potential disulfide linkages.” 2 Met Gly Gly Ser Ala Arg Ala Arg Trp Val Ala Val Gly Leu Gly Val 1 5 10 15 Val Gly Leu Leu Cys Ala Val Leu Gly Val Val Met Ile Leu Val Met 20 25 30 Pro Ser Leu Ile Lys Gln Gln Val Leu Lys Asn Val Arg Ile Asp Pro 35 40 45 Ser Ser Leu Ser Phe Ala Met Trp Lys Glu Ile Pro Val Pro Phe Tyr 50 55 60 Leu Ser Val Tyr Phe Phe Glu Val Val Asn Pro Ser Glu Ile Leu Lys 65 70 75 80 Gly Glu Lys Pro Val Val Arg Glu Arg Gly Pro Tyr Val Tyr Arg Glu 85 90 95 Phe Arg His Lys Ala Asn Ile Thr Phe Asn Asp Asn Asp Thr Val Ser 100 105 110 Phe Val Glu His Arg Ser Leu His Phe Gln Pro Asp Arg Ser His Gly 115 120 125 Ser Glu Ser Asp Tyr Ile Ile Leu Pro Asn Ile Leu Val Leu Gly Gly 130 135 140 Ala Val Met Met Glu Ser Lys Ser Ala Gly Leu Lys Leu Met Met Thr 145 150 155 160 Leu Gly Leu Ala Thr Leu Gly Gln Arg Ala Phe Met Asn Arg Thr Val 165 170 175 Gly Glu Ile Leu Trp Gly Tyr Glu Asp Pro Phe Val Asn Phe Ile Asn 180 185 190 Lys Tyr Leu Pro Asp Met Phe Pro Ile Lys Gly Lys Phe Gly Leu Phe 195 200 205 Val Glu Met Asn Asn Ser Asp Ser Gly Leu Phe Thr Val Phe Thr Gly 210 215 220 Val Gln Asn Phe Ser Lys Ile His Leu Val Asp Arg Trp Asn Gly Leu 225 230 235 240 Ser Lys Val Asn Tyr Trp His Ser Glu Gln Cys Asn Met Ile Asn Gly 245 250 255 Thr Ser Gly Gln Met Trp Ala Pro Phe Met Thr Pro Gln Ser Ser Leu 260 265 270 Glu Phe Phe Ser Pro Glu Ala Cys Arg Ser Met Lys Leu Thr Tyr His 275 280 285 Asp Ser Gly Val Phe Glu Gly Ile Pro Thr Tyr Arg Phe Thr Ala Pro 290 295 300 Lys Thr Leu Phe Ala Asn Gly Ser Val Tyr Pro Pro Asn Glu Gly Phe 305 310 315 320 Cys Pro Cys Leu Glu Ser Gly Ile Gln Asn Val Ser Thr Cys Arg Phe 325 330 335 Gly Ala Pro Leu Phe Leu Ser His Pro His Phe Tyr Asn Ala Asp Pro 340 345 350 Val Leu Ser Glu Ala Val Leu Gly Leu Asn Pro Asp Pro Arg Glu His 355 360 365 Ser Leu Phe Leu Asp Ile His Pro Val Thr Gly Ile Pro Met Asn Cys 370 375 380 Ser Val Lys Leu Gln Ile Ser Leu Tyr Ile Lys Ala Val Lys Gly Ile 385 390 395 400 Gly Gln Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Pro Val Val Leu Pro Leu Leu Trp Phe 405 410 415 Glu Gln Ser Gly Ala Met Gly Gly Glu Pro Leu Asn Thr Phe Tyr Thr 420 425 430 Gln Leu Val Leu Met Pro Gln Val Leu Gln Tyr Val Gln Tyr Val Leu 435 440 445 Leu Gly Leu Gly Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Val Pro Val Ile Tyr Gln Leu 450 455 460 Arg Ser Gln Glu Lys Cys Phe Leu Phe Trp Ser Gly Ser Lys Lys Gly 465 470 475 480 Ser Gln Asp Lys Glu Ala Ile Gln Ala Tyr Ser Glu Ser Leu Met Ser 485 490 495 Pro Ala Ala Lys Gly Thr Val Leu Gln Glu Ala Lys Leu 500 505 1785 base pairs nucleic acid double linear DNA (genomic) NO NO CDS 51..1577 /Function = “Nucleotides 51 through 1577 encode the amino acid sequence for the murine Scavenger Receptor Class BI.” 3 CCGTCTCCTT CAGGTCCTGA GCCCCGAGAG CCCCTTCCGC GCACGCGGAC ATG GGC 56 Met Gly 1 GGC AGC TCC AGG GCG CGC TGG GTG GCC TTG GGG TTG GGC GCC CTG GGG 104 Gly Ser Ser Arg Ala Arg Trp Val Ala Leu Gly Leu Gly Ala Leu Gly 5 10 15 CTG CTG TTT GCT GCG CTC GGC GTT GTC ATG ATC CTC ATG GTG CCC TCC 152 Leu Leu Phe Ala Ala Leu Gly Val Val Met Ile Leu Met Val Pro Ser 20 25 30 CTC ATC AAG CAG CAG GTG CTC AAG AAT GTC CGC ATA GAC CCG AGC AGC 200 Leu Ile Lys Gln Gln Val Leu Lys Asn Val Arg Ile Asp Pro Ser Ser 35 40 45 50 CTG TCC TTC GGG ATG TGG AAG GAG ATC CCC GTC CCT TTC TAC TTG TCT 248 Leu Ser Phe Gly Met Trp Lys Glu Ile Pro Val Pro Phe Tyr Leu Ser 55 60 65 GTC TAC TTC TTC GAA GTG GTC AAC CCA AAC GAG GTC CTC AAC GGC CAG 296 Val Tyr Phe Phe Glu Val Val Asn Pro Asn Glu Val Leu Asn Gly Gln 70 75 80 AAG CCA GTA GTC CGG GAG CGT GGA CCC TAT GTC TAC AGG GAG TTC AGA 344 Lys Pro Val Val Arg Glu Arg Gly Pro Tyr Val Tyr Arg Glu Phe Arg 85 90 95 CAA AAG GTC AAC ATC ACC TTC AAT GAC AAC GAC ACC GTG TCC TTC GTG 392 Gln Lys Val Asn Ile Thr Phe Asn Asp Asn Asp Thr Val Ser Phe Val 100 105 110 GAG AAC CGC AGC CTC CAT TTC CAG CCT GAC AAG TCG CAT GGC TCA GAG 440 Glu Asn Arg Ser Leu His Phe Gln Pro Asp Lys Ser His Gly Ser Glu 115 120 125 130 AGT GAC TAC ATT GTA CTG CCT AAC ATC TTG GTC CTG GGG GGC TCG ATA 488 Ser Asp Tyr Ile Val Leu Pro Asn Ile Leu Val Leu Gly Gly Ser Ile 135 140 145 TTG ATG GAG AGC AAG CCT GTG AGC CTG AAG CTG ATG ATG ACC TTG GCG 536 Leu Met Glu Ser Lys Pro Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Met Met Thr Leu Ala 150 155 160 CTG GTC ACC ATG GGC CAG CGT GCT TTT ATG AAC CGC ACA GTT GGT GAG 584 Leu Val Thr Met Gly Gln Arg Ala Phe Met Asn Arg Thr Val Gly Glu 165 170 175 ATC CTG TGG GGC TAT GAC GAT CCC TTC GTG CAT TTT CTC AAC ACG TAC 632 Ile Leu Trp Gly Tyr Asp Asp Pro Phe Val His Phe Leu Asn Thr Tyr 180 185 190 CTC CCA GAC ATG CTT CCC ATA AAG GGC AAA TTT GGC CTG TTT GTT GGG 680 Leu Pro Asp Met Leu Pro Ile Lys Gly Lys Phe Gly Leu Phe Val Gly 195 200 205 210 ATG AAC AAC TCG AAT TCT GGG GTC TTC ACT GTC TTC ACG GGC GTC CAG 728 Met Asn Asn Ser Asn Ser Gly Val Phe Thr Val Phe Thr Gly Val Gln 215 220 225 AAT TTC AGC AGG ATC CAT CTG GTG GAC AAA TGG AAC GGA CTC AGC AAG 776 Asn Phe Ser Arg Ile His Leu Val Asp Lys Trp Asn Gly Leu Ser Lys 230 235 240 ATC GAT TAT TGG CAT TCA GAG CAG TGT AAC ATG ATC AAT GGG ACT TCC 824 Ile Asp Tyr Trp His Ser Glu Gln Cys Asn Met Ile Asn Gly Thr Ser 245 250 255 GGG CAG ATG TGG GCA CCC TTC ATG ACA CCC GAA TCC TCG CTG GAA TTC 872 Gly Gln Met Trp Ala Pro Phe Met Thr Pro Glu Ser Ser Leu Glu Phe 260 265 270 TTC AGC CCG GAG GCA TGC AGG TCC ATG AAG CTG ACC TAC AAC GAA TCA 920 Phe Ser Pro Glu Ala Cys Arg Ser Met Lys Leu Thr Tyr Asn Glu Ser 275 280 285 290 AGG GTG TTT GAA GGC ATT CCC ACG TAT CGC TTC ACG GCC CCC GAT ACT 968 Arg Val Phe Glu Gly Ile Pro Thr Tyr Arg Phe Thr Ala Pro Asp Thr 295 300 305 CTG TTT GCC AAC GGG TCC GTC TAC CCA CCC AAC GAA GGC TTC TGC CCA 1016 Leu Phe Ala Asn Gly Ser Val Tyr Pro Pro Asn Glu Gly Phe Cys Pro 310 315 320 TGC CGA GAG TCT GGC ATT CAG AAT GTC AGC ACC TGC AGG TTT GGT GCG 1064 Cys Arg Glu Ser Gly Ile Gln Asn Val Ser Thr Cys Arg Phe Gly Ala 325 330 335 CCT CTG TTT CTC TCC CAC CCC CAC TTT TAC AAC GCC GAC CCT GTG TTG 1112 Pro Leu Phe Leu Ser His Pro His Phe Tyr Asn Ala Asp Pro Val Leu 340 345 350 TCA GAA GCT GTT CTT GGT CTG AAC CCT AAC CCA AAG GAG CAT TCC TTG 1160 Ser Glu Ala Val Leu Gly Leu Asn Pro Asn Pro Lys Glu His Ser Leu 355 360 365 370 TTC CTA GAC ATC CAT CCG GTC ACT GGG ATC CCC ATG AAC TGT TCT GTG 1208 Phe Leu Asp Ile His Pro Val Thr Gly Ile Pro Met Asn Cys Ser Val 375 380 385 AAG ATG CAG CTG AGC CTC TAC ATC AAA TCT GTC AAG GGC ATC GGG CAA 1256 Lys Met Gln Leu Ser Leu Tyr Ile Lys Ser Val Lys Gly Ile Gly Gln 390 395 400 ACA GGG AAG ATC GAG CCA GTA GTT CTG CCG TTG CTG TGG TTC GAA CAG 1304 Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Pro Val Val Leu Pro Leu Leu Trp Phe Glu Gln 405 410 415 AGC GGA GCA ATG GGT GGC AAG CCC CTG AGC ACG TTC TAC ACG CAG CTG 1352 Ser Gly Ala Met Gly Gly Lys Pro Leu Ser Thr Phe Tyr Thr Gln Leu 420 425 430 GTG CTG ATG CCC CAG GTT CTT CAC TAC GCG CAG TAT GTG CTG CTG GGG 1400 Val Leu Met Pro Gln Val Leu His Tyr Ala Gln Tyr Val Leu Leu Gly 435 440 445 450 CTT GGA GGC CTC CTG TTG CTG GTG CCC ATC ATC TGC CAA CTG CGC AGC 1448 Leu Gly Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Val Pro Ile Ile Cys Gln Leu Arg Ser 455 460 465 CAG GAG AAA TGC TTT TTG TTT TGG AGT GGT AGT AAA AAG GGC TCC CAG 1496 Gln Glu Lys Cys Phe Leu Phe Trp Ser Gly Ser Lys Lys Gly Ser Gln 470 475 480 GAT AAG GAG GCC ATT CAG GCC TAC TCT GAG TCC CTG ATG TCA CCA GCT 1544 Asp Lys Glu Ala Ile Gln Ala Tyr Ser Glu Ser Leu Met Ser Pro Ala 485 490 495 GCC AAG GGC ACG GTG CTG CAA GAA GCC AAG CTA TAGGGTCCTG AAGACACTAT 1597 Ala Lys Gly Thr Val Leu Gln Glu Ala Lys Leu 500 505 AAGCCCCCCA AACCTGATAG CTTGGTCAGA CCAGCCACCC AGTCCCTACA CCCCGCTTCT 1657 TGAGGACTCT CTCAGCGGAC AGCCCACCAG TGCCATGGCC TGAGCCCCCA GATGTCACAC 1717 CTGTCCGCAC GCACGGCACA TGGATGCCCA CGCATGTGCA AAAACAACTC AGGGACCAGG 1777 GACAGACC 1785 509 amino acids amino acid linear protein misc. feature 1..509 /Function = “Amino acid sequence for the murine Scavenger Receptor Class BI.” 4 Met Gly Gly Ser Ser Arg Ala Arg Trp Val Ala Leu Gly Leu Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Leu Gly Leu Leu Phe Ala Ala Leu Gly Val Val Met Ile Leu Met Val 20 25 30 Pro Ser Leu Ile Lys Gln Gln Val Leu Lys Asn Val Arg Ile Asp Pro 35 40 45 Ser Ser Leu Ser Phe Gly Met Trp Lys Glu Ile Pro Val Pro Phe Tyr 50 55 60 Leu Ser Val Tyr Phe Phe Glu Val Val Asn Pro Asn Glu Val Leu Asn 65 70 75 80 Gly Gln Lys Pro Val Val Arg Glu Arg Gly Pro Tyr Val Tyr Arg Glu 85 90 95 Phe Arg Gln Lys Val Asn Ile Thr Phe Asn Asp Asn Asp Thr Val Ser 100 105 110 Phe Val Glu Asn Arg Ser Leu His Phe Gln Pro Asp Lys Ser His Gly 115 120 125 Ser Glu Ser Asp Tyr Ile Val Leu Pro Asn Ile Leu Val Leu Gly Gly 130 135 140 Ser Ile Leu Met Glu Ser Lys Pro Val Ser Leu Lys Leu Met Met Thr 145 150 155 160 Leu Ala Leu Val Thr Met Gly Gln Arg Ala Phe Met Asn Arg Thr Val 165 170 175 Gly Glu Ile Leu Trp Gly Tyr Asp Asp Pro Phe Val His Phe Leu Asn 180 185 190 Thr Tyr Leu Pro Asp Met Leu Pro Ile Lys Gly Lys Phe Gly Leu Phe 195 200 205 Val Gly Met Asn Asn Ser Asn Ser Gly Val Phe Thr Val Phe Thr Gly 210 215 220 Val Gln Asn Phe Ser Arg Ile His Leu Val Asp Lys Trp Asn Gly Leu 225 230 235 240 Ser Lys Ile Asp Tyr Trp His Ser Glu Gln Cys Asn Met Ile Asn Gly 245 250 255 Thr Ser Gly Gln Met Trp Ala Pro Phe Met Thr Pro Glu Ser Ser Leu 260 265 270 Glu Phe Phe Ser Pro Glu Ala Cys Arg Ser Met Lys Leu Thr Tyr Asn 275 280 285 Glu Ser Arg Val Phe Glu Gly Ile Pro Thr Tyr Arg Phe Thr Ala Pro 290 295 300 Asp Thr Leu Phe Ala Asn Gly Ser Val Tyr Pro Pro Asn Glu Gly Phe 305 310 315 320 Cys Pro Cys Arg Glu Ser Gly Ile Gln Asn Val Ser Thr Cys Arg Phe 325 330 335 Gly Ala Pro Leu Phe Leu Ser His Pro His Phe Tyr Asn Ala Asp Pro 340 345 350 Val Leu Ser Glu Ala Val Leu Gly Leu Asn Pro Asn Pro Lys Glu His 355 360 365 Ser Leu Phe Leu Asp Ile His Pro Val Thr Gly Ile Pro Met Asn Cys 370 375 380 Ser Val Lys Met Gln Leu Ser Leu Tyr Ile Lys Ser Val Lys Gly Ile 385 390 395 400 Gly Gln Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Pro Val Val Leu Pro Leu Leu Trp Phe 405 410 415 Glu Gln Ser Gly Ala Met Gly Gly Lys Pro Leu Ser Thr Phe Tyr Thr 420 425 430 Gln Leu Val Leu Met Pro Gln Val Leu His Tyr Ala Gln Tyr Val Leu 435 440 445 Leu Gly Leu Gly Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Val Pro Ile Ile Cys Gln Leu 450 455 460 Arg Ser Gln Glu Lys Cys Phe Leu Phe Trp Ser Gly Ser Lys Lys Gly 465 470 475 480 Ser Gln Asp Lys Glu Ala Ile Gln Ala Tyr Ser Glu Ser Leu Met Ser 485 490 495 Pro Ala Ala Lys Gly Thr Val Leu Gln Glu Ala Lys Leu 500 505 

We claim:
 1. A method for screening compounds which alter the transport of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof mediated by SR-BI or a homolog of SR-BI by administering the compound to an animal and measuring at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of cholesterol levels, production of steroid hormones, bile acids levels, and alterations of the chemical composition of lipids, lipoproteins, cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.
 2. The method of screening of claim 1 wherein the compound is administered to animals formed by introducing a nucleotide molecule encoding SR-BI under the control of a regulatory molecule selected from the group consisting of tissue specific promoters and promoters which result in overexpression of SR-BI in a tissue.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the animal is selected from the group consisting of animals which are deficient in ApoE, animals which are deficient in LDL receptor, animals with altered levels lipoprotein lipase, animals with altered levels of hepatic lipases, animals which are deficient in Apo A1 or A2, animals with genetic defects in the expression of LRP, and animals with familial hypercholesterolemia.
 4. A method for altering transport of lipid, cholesterol lipoprotein or component thereof into or out of cells comprising inhibiting expression or activity of SR-BI.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein transport of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof into liver, steroidogenic tissues, epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract, bile canniculi, bile ducts, or other body compartments is altered.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein transport of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof into steroidogenic tissues is inhibited or stimulated by administration of a hormone inhibiting or stimulating SR-BI expression.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the hormone has estrogen-like activity.
 8. The method of claim 5 wherein transport of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof into the bile ducts is inhibited by administering a compound inhibiting transport of the cholesterol by SR-BI.
 9. The method of claim 4 wherein transport of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof is inhibited or stimulated by administering a compound which binds to a regulatory nucleic acid sequence and therefore inhibits or stimulates expression of SR-BI.
 10. The method of claim 4 wherein transport of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof is inhibited by administering a compound which binds to the SR-BI and prevents binding of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof to the receptor.
 11. The method of claim 4 comprising administering a compound which induces expression of SR-BI to increase transport of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is a viral vector encoding SR-BI.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the viral vector is an adenoviral vector.
 14. A compound which alters the transport of lipid, cholesterol, lipoprotein or component thereof mediated by SR-BI or a homolog of SR-BI.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 14 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 